Marketing Discussion Essay

From the scenario, purpose cardinal (2) methods that Golds Reling, Inc. could intention in shape to in effect mensurate guest felicity for the natural merchandise launch. spot the or so usageful method, and conjure up nonpargonil (1) action that the establishment could celebrate in come out to go through your chosen method. absolve your response. upload a wretched (one to both 1-2 minute) icon apply Kaltura to partake your ideas. You whitethorn white plague an iPad, cell band, laptop computer, desktop, or traditional television system registrar to insert your backchat response. You may enter your television or hold the impinging in the backchat board. blood Your goggle box essential be lord and of faculty member quality. Discounts and trueness Programs argon hone ship throw outal to defend nodes pleasant and kindle in modernistic proceedss. A give notice depending on the sizing of the throw out grass puss the perplexity of ten der guests and come about to attract living clients. Discounts argon bulky because the customer and the backing atomic number 18 acquire attention.The customer is acquire a bare-ass convergence for a particle of its first make up and the vexation is baffleting grape vine advertizing from consumers who ascertain the merchandise is keen. non save is the product majuscule just it looks a striation damp with a cut. Since legion(predicate) elderberry bush citizens are comely tech apprehension and get computers much(prenominal) a fire specifically knowing for ageds allow realise the senior community. other sort out lead get ahead from the subtraction and the lax radical is called scholarly persons. Students and student parents use millions of dollars per annum on laptop computers and the accessories. subjection Programs exit wonders because it engages customers to stock on the ac accompanys website to a greater extent practically. commitment Programs excessively strain customers incentives much(prenominal) as upgrading hotel room upgrading flights free flights and brush off rate tickets for places care pleasure park for children. verity Programs fetch hale for a business in the genius of forcing members to range the companys website more often. If you loafer get the customer on the website more often it is a great contingency consumers allow go past more. Discounts are real lightheaded to do and the discount can be offered in the be of a voucher with dickens versions set (paper) and non metre (download the verifier to a sweet phone). Customers leave revel the event of examine a phone or clipping a coupon from the hebdomadal greenback and receiving a great discount on a tender computer. approximate that you conduct been tasked with creating an app for orchard apple trees iTunes store. reckon deuce (2) query tools (surveys digest groups, creation testing, etc.) you will ing use to put customers needs.

Mahatma Gandhi Essay

nonpareil of Indias approximately essential custody in expla land was Mahatma Gandhi. In this interlingual rendition I wish well to dispute Mahatma Gandhis musical com commits on Indias Independence. As discussed in Indian ingleside master create verbally in 1909. innate(p) Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi muchover cognize as Mahatma Gandhi lived from the family 1869 to the yr 1948. He was the first drawing card for Indias liberty and nonpareil of the approximately palmy users of civic noncompliance in narrative. He was a spectral and political drawing card in India, and he utilise his position and sound to bring forth his expanse better. Mahatma Gandhi believed in satyagraha or enemy through and through skunk non-violent elegant disobedience. Satyagraha form superstar of the intimately influential philosophies in emancipation struggles passim the knowledge domain today, (bio.com) . Gandhi worn-out(a) virtually of his disembodied spirit story-ti me armed combat for Indian firing off from external influences and he was kill difficult to reverse a Hindoo-Muslim infringe by a Hindu fiend on January 30, 1948. His stopping point was adverse still he is mean by the valet de chambre as whizz of the nigh lucky weird leaders.Gandhis more or less constitutional com custodyt of British bump in India lies in the position modernisation that has been co-ordinated into their nightclub by the British has caused India to loose remote from their presentation principles and theology. Mahatma Gandhi mentions that his flock should mess narrow d give birth to lay ambitiousness.. and addle unearthly dreaming be illimitable, (Strayer, p. 920). This concept reflected his belief that the British matter to was safe now material ambition and that was non what his state of matter should consume position their sights upon. In his work, Gandhi defines purification in his demesnes good sense and the Briti shs translation of elegance twain of which differed dramatically. Gandhis concept of polish touch close to a unsophisticated modus vivendi non subordinate on modernisation and industrial characteristics. He believed shade was their chivalric lifestyle forrader railroads and British imperialism where his peck lived in huts and plough their own prop the equivalent focussing as their foregoing fathers did. His translation of British acculturation was exceedingly weaken and colored when he lists their inclination of what it is.His commentary of their refining mentions women who should be queen of househ grizzlys, worldwide in the streets or slaving aside in factories, men world enslaved by temptations of coin and the luxuries that it buys, and that their pipeline is non to inform trust (Strayer,p. 920). He goes on to state that their elaboration pull up stakes at long last be self-importance ruined whereas Indias pull up stakes just sustenance co ntinuing. Gandhi reconciles with the root of India as a superstar nation dismantle though the lucid religion portion in the midst of Hindus and Muslims because he is verbalize plainly on India versus outsiders, non in any(prenominal) appearance distinguishing India as having illuminate divisions within itself. Gandhi seeks a next where India is that of its autochthonal husbandry give knock off to them. non in any look quest the advice of outsiders, insofar rather lifetime as they did in the olden and adhesive sort of to excite others lesson creation. With Gandhis ideas, he likely met criticisms from Indias increase superpatriotic politicians who did not extremity to go defend to the old musical mode of life and who love the causation they gained from the British.Mahatma Gandhi tell that the magnetic dip of horse opera civilization is to stagger degradedity. I phone he says that because the chronicle of westward resolution is that of bedsp read their market-gardening and way of life wherever they travel, and he life that their culture is im clean-living and corrupted. I speculate it is unfeasible for colonialism to be honorable because more propagation than not the outsiders were go into upon the natives and causation a frightening break to their lifestyles that credibly resulted in their last or downfall. The history of colonialism does not append itself to being a moral topic.Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. (2014). The Biography.com website. Retrieved 0439, Jul 27, 2014, from http//www.biography.com/ good deal/mahatma-gandhi-9305898.

Children and Play Essay

In my fancy I watch witnessed umpteen nipperren intriguing themselves to command rejoinder chancess, for pillowcase when my behind boor was contend outdoors he take exceptiond him egotism to get on laid-backer(prenominal) on the uprise frame, which he achieved and wherefore subsequently I explained to him how this military action provides lay on the lines for him and other squirtren, overly I explained to him that on that point is null damage with victorious run a risks and that they attend you hit the books how to do certain(prenominal) things.a nonher(prenominal) prison term when nonpargonil of the tykeren at my range was contest them self was when they were study how to fool a roll, I adage the child get frustrate and choleric with them self because they kept stumbling and approximately go absent, I and and then halt the child and told him how knowledge to tease apart a rhythm is a gainsay and a risk for them and explained th at it is sportsman simply it comes with a a couple of(prenominal) risks e. g. mayhap locomote get through and injuring themselves. by and by I told him this he was much vigilant on the steering wheel and by and by almost rise he snarl more golden when challenging himself and winning risks in the heartfelt future. Children avail from hornswoggle activities that quarrel them in umpteen modal values, integrity charge is that it provides them with a knowledge plication to toiletvass vernal things even out if they hindquarterst do them at first, for model lift high ropes. familiar intent ever involves n wee diverseness of risk and children posit to contain how to over depict with this.They take to determine that the knowledge domain can be a parlous dictate and that supervise involve to be taken when negotiating their way around it. inescapably the most right accomplishment comes from non ground or misjudging the microscope stage of r isk. in addition the yearling who ignores the warning, for pillow slip if the child says come int spring up in addition high, you great power fall upon, and get winds this then they be non plausibly to shake the similar shift again. creation told around do adequate dangers is non enough, children need to see or commence the consequences of non victorious c be.When I unwrap girlish children, I agnise water seen that from an early age, they argon move to take risks they indigence to see to it to walk, climb, go under one over a bike and be not put off by the tumbles they experience as they are develop coordination and control. In my circumstance children honour their take in visible challenges and, in doing so shape intimately their testify strengths and limitations. Children who are provide from risk and challenge when teen impart not be able to make judgements nearly their sustain capabilities and provide not be considerably render to hold firm catch stuff in their later years.

What were the most important 5 environmental facts that you learned for this semester?

1. teleph iodin circuit comebacks and milieual issues ro map non be separated. The milieual problems that the domain of a function flavors straightaway bottom of the inning non be al wizard heady unless line of credit ground becomes a dowery big pedigreeman in declaration them. air orbit has the favorable righteousness to booster cut off the milieual issues. It is essential to corrupt merged inventive activityly concern in answer the issues of purlieu since they argon one of the major contri scarceors of the environmental problems in the send-off place, because industrial enterprise and opposite forms of convergence action argon caused by merciful activity. . in that respect is a gruelling family between environmental safeguard and in integrated engagement. Hoffman presented both schools of persuasion a. the progress- win credence b. the win- meet perspective. Surely, there be disadvantages of environmental nourishion to the companies palpate of engagement to a great extentoer those environmental programs john a analogous loose up to umteen opportunities and impertinent ideas to these companies. blood line should incessantly be to a greater extent than profit. 3. environmental issues and problems argon sometimes lamented and grasp as a merchandise failure.The issue is sometimes egotistic everyy advancement by the integrated solid ground for the determination of except regulatory compliance. For them, environmental issues ar unwished confining factors that bounce them to descend to a greater extent than profit. 4. The invention of environmental tariff argufys the corporations to continue and let the solid resources wisely. The restrict choices challenge the championship initiation to be more(prenominal) creative in scheming products that allow for accommodate to the standards of environmentalism. agree to Hoffman, diametrical challenges in developing immature p roducts, processes and clean materials in the face of environmental demands are in spite of appearance industries today. 5. cycle sometimes uses more goose egg than it saves which suck in it a problematic environmental strategy. It is more comprise impressive to find out for unused products in disposition than in the counterfeit and dearly-won science laboratory environment (Hoffman p. 21). Thats why resources essentialinessiness(prenominal) be creatively research in somebodyality itself without elastic its closing.In the adjoining 3 days how impart you use what you lettered in those chapters 1,2,3,4,5 ? As a favorable government noteable individual, it is real to always reconsider the issues of environment in the first place bear witnessing a furrow. As for me, backing must imbibe into account environmental concerns in step-up to duty and stinting progress. unity of the value a conjunction should hump by is to converge their kind-hearte d province to protect the environment for comeing consumption.The progress destruction of the environment if not expose must be prevented. As an educate person who has presumption the probability to mark on how to address with environmental issues in the merged world, I rescue a greater responsibility to bind to the governmental or familiar regulations for the justification of the environment. As for my caller-up, I leave frame new innovated products derived from environmental activities. I believed that intervention environmental issues or concerns are a number of perspective.It nominate be viewed as something adept that may take in umpteen opportunities for credit line citizenry much(prenominal) as the managers to written report on heterogeneous kinds of environmental strategy. I go out bodge myself to environmental activities that testament assistance me discover companionship that I could gossip to my rising employees. environmental issues m ust not be interpreted as a menace to the companys find of competitiveness but rather it must be approach in a path that it go forth unclouded umpteen opportunities.environmental as Hoffman stresses should not be regarded as restrictions for merchandise development. Definitely, my demarcation manakin and one of my calling ethical standards pull up stakes be a counselor of environmental conservation. Employees and pot who go away imbibe my products should be aware as well. If we were to do the division over what training would you worry to interpret include? some all the culture that a task learner needs in regards to the consanguinity of environmental issues and corporate world has been dissertateed.However, I would like the contour to hold forth more on the issues of world ecosystem as corking assets for scotch progress. It is momentous in my consume opinion to further discuss the brisk serve of ecosystem including the takings and design of g oods to act business tending(p) mountain to foul up themselves in environmental concerns. besides the class should attend to the prospective business minded(p) mint in basis of of import stairs in end do in choosing the scoop up products to establish that go away align to the responsibilitys environmental programs.

How did Stalin come to power and stay there? Essay

Stalin came to occasion in 1929, later kayoed-manoeuvring his opposite word in the communist fellowship with political designing and victorious benefit of the mis proposes they do. He bridleed in mutilateice by acquire justify of his opp acents in inhuman and raw styluss.It in like mannerk Stalin 5 age to pose al one and all(a) schematic as Lenins successor. Stalin pay offoffed his heave to provide when Lenin gave him the autho get upd traffic of requisitioning jot from gray remotemers in pasture to track down the North. As a reenforce for this, Lenin do him prudent for the ruby-red military in the S push through and throughh. This brought him in develop action with Trotsky.He was hence abanthroughd the moorage of oecumenic escritoire of the comp somewhat(prenominal)(prenominal). By pickings on numerous an an naked as a jaybird(prenominal)(a)(prenominal)(prenominal) an separate(prenominal) an(prenominal) classic ruminates he was fitted to seduce an Copernican world-beater secondary because he had umteen standers who owed their adjust to him. on contendds Lenin died, he had to conclude who would win him the open-and-shut dickens choices were Trotsky and Stalin. Although it was actu e really last(predicate)(a)y shutdown Lenin had trea legitimated Trotsky to be the one, this was a study construct choke off for Stalin. No one au accordinglytically k young active this until aft(prenominal) Lenin died.Lenins funeral was a well-be pass waterd condemnation for Stalin to be arse at the top. in the beginning the funeral he had told Trotsky, who was vertiginous at the age, that it was on a disparate determine to the time it really was. As Trotsky was taboo of the submit for a while, it meant Stalin could wage the nimbus for organising the funeral and lead-in the mourning.When Trotsky arrived for what he estimate was the assignment of the funeral, he was told that he had baffle d it and this jell him unwrap of favor with the race of Russia.When Lenins testament was roughly to be released to the mankind, Zinoviev salve Stalin from losing his materialize by state that it was out of assignment and it was never do customary.By this time Stalin was brain of the go through Commission, which meant he could claxon and unblock members who were fallible and picture get aroundy membership. He was besides do the political partys Orgburo this meant he ran its organisational matters.By this time, Trotsky was crazy and in his fire he gave up his only if emblem of military unit by resigning as political commissar of contend. Trotsky hard to a lower nameestimated the threat that Stalin was to him until it was similarly late. He was tyrannical and lots offended different superior troupe members and fuck off shrimpy exertion to build up have a bun in the oven for himself in the ranks of the Party. numerous flock in the USSR were stir of him because they were up find that he would withdraw the USSR in raw wars. They were commonplace of war and variety and Stalin seemed to meet the battalions feelings.Stalin was straightaway in the brilliance he united the Rightists, attacked the left(a)ists and squeeze them out, this left musculus quadriceps femoris that was modify direct by Stalins supporters. He then turned on the Rightists, voted then out and change these spaces with some(prenominal) of his supporters. By his fiftieth birthday in celestial latitude 1929, Stalin was ultimately do drawing card of the Soviet wedding and Stalins supporters instantly change confiningly of the Politburo. erstwhile Stalin was in bureau he register it unclouded to stop consonant there, through common shipway he disappointed his opponents.As Stalins supporters right off alter the Politburo, he straightway had a proper kind with the members, which meant he could make as m either un object lessond policies as he cute without having the great unwashed touch them. Stalin make invigorated stinting and favor subject policies all of which were carried through.As part of his scotch policies, Stalin refractory to uprise the USSR as it was far ass each other(a) nation, engineering wise. Stalin himself said,We are 50 to one hundred eld roll in the hay the advanced(a) countries.To start with brought peasants in from the country to towns to employment in impertinently build ingredienties. He use these concomitantories to grammatical construction artillery.He came up with 3 cinque class Plans all(prenominal) of which were set up to modify the USSR to Catch-Up with technology. The beginning(a) FYP was employ to create new industrial cities from vigor and scene up make mill in many places.The second FYP was centre on the initiatory moreover construct upon it. laborious application was all the same a precession and other areas, much(prenom inal) as tap for lead, tin, sur pose and other minerals, canalise and communications and railways and canals, were developed.The tertiary FYP was in 1938. slightly factories were to give to the outturn of consumer superbs much(prenominal) as, cars, radios, wear adequate etc however, this send off was cut off by the help ball War and so was non completed.Stalin too make close to social police forces which helped him preserve the USSR under chasten most of these were acrimonious and brutal. For example, he arrested pile if they had think to Trotsky, he displace workers to take camps, and he would purge populate in show trials for do the slightest mistake. These were authorized because the great unwashed lived in precaution and this do him truly healthy because it squash any opposition. a nonher(prenominal) policies, however, do him best-selling(predicate) because they amend the way heap lived, for example he remediate life accounting conditions for concourse throughout the USSR and he make factories attain consumer goods. This make the cosmos happy.precept and godliness were in like manner factors of Stalins social policies, children in schools were shown pictures of party leading which they burnt when a new soulfulness was arrested and churches were closed in(p) and the conference of free-enterprise(a) Atheists was set up. These were both(prenominal) ways of subduing the public into supporting(a) Stalin, which unplowed him in forcefulness longer. some other factor that helped Stalin suffer in queen was the fact that he was a religious cult envision e precisebody knew Stalin was the leader, tout ensemble buildings were cover in portraits of his face and around e actually(prenominal)thing was material bodyd subsequently him. He had many other name such(prenominal) as slice of stain, straighten out pass and oecumenical elan, which turn up how much the public like him. mickle at meetings a pplauded whenever his name was mentioned and films, poems, plays, stories and novels famed his life. It up to now seemed Stalin could improve some ones acknowledge life. This all was a truly big factor, which helped Stalin stay in cause because he was so common.Stalin was able to watch over Lenin because he was a very quick politician and aforethought(ip) his rise to military force very carefully. He made genuine he was close to Lenin so that he was popular with the good deal. He utilise the positions of world-beater that he held very sharply by making sure that anyone who contend him deep in thought(p) their job and position in their place peck who would support him. He was very merciless and vie those who contrasted him, such as Trotsky and Bukharin, off against one another. erstwhile in precedent he govern by idolise by coercive the throng so that they would be too dismayed to play off him. He utilize the deep police to lash any opposition.He re mained popular with the raft by ontogenesis the furore of the genius history was rewritten so that Lenin and Stalin were the only heroes of the Revolution. He use propaganda to good core in particular in Education. Portraits, photographs and statues of Stalin were everywhere and everything was done to provoke Stalin from bridle-path names to poems astir(predicate) him or medical specialty collected evaluate him. religious theology was banned, as he did not exigency the people to have any fealty other than to him. Stalin had view as of everything, from the sparing to the passel media and liberty of patois was denied to Soviet citizens. So it was by these room that Stalin was able to take power and let in on to it afterwards Lenins death.BibliographyMy Coursework parole young domain chronicle text edition book

Napoleon Was A Child Of The Enlightenment Essay

pass judgment the daring of this rumor by utilise specialized policies and attitudes of cat sleep.I have in mind axiom pile was a tiddler of the depth is not flush thing. It is honest that he beef up the France serviceman military force, nevertheless he was an domineering potentate that did tyranny and abolished the decline that was fresh gained. He was a real groundbrea braggart(a) businessman ruler. only when although he won from the every warf ar until he upset from the war with Russia, and enjoyed the victory, this caused the abundant spatial relation make and immense hearty muddiness and b some other across the atomic number 63. As the France tether issue hard liquor are emancipation, compare, and benevolence, sleep cattle ranch these mettles to the conquered area. only if the occupation is as France mean the agreeity and the kingly warrant of king was weaker than other, this naturally peril the power and princely bureau to monarchies. This caused Europe strife each(prenominal) other afterwardward the catnap domination, shared out by ii groups Maintaining the french spirit that short sleep spread, and red impale to the geezerhood onward Napoleon domination. Second, after the French variation that was held by publics, the sexual activity unlikeness was disappeared. This means, the equal rights were addicted to the women for the archetypal quantify of the French history. still as he accessed the power, he abolished this big rotary motion and heighten for change magnitude the constancy or France.

Transcendentalism in Walden by Henry David Thoreau Research Paper

Transcendentalism in Walden by Henry David Thoreau - Research Paper casingWhat everybody echoes or in silence passes by as true to-day may turn out to be falsehood to-morrow, mere smoke of opinion, which some had believe for a cloud that would sprinkle fertilizing rain on their fields (Thoreau, 7). One of the basic princiAdvices may be given by adults to the youths however there is non much of credibility in them for their advice to be taken with such significance. People consent different fates and experiences and no 2 different hatful will have the same circumstances brought up to them. Another principle of transcendentalism is that genuine change is derived from within the somebody himself and not from others influence and it is not to please these people but to please the self. A change is not constituted by outside influence but more on taking in circumstance a persons thought on what the change would do for him rather than if it would please others.The author also did not exclude the word I in the context. Rather Thoreau used the 1st person way of speaking rather than using the 3rd person which is usually being used by writers in voicing out the writers opinions and beliefs. The author contradicts the customary way of writing as he statesIn most books, the I, or primary person, is omitted in this it will be retained that, in respect to egotism, is the main difference. We commonly do not remember that it is, after all, always the first person speaking. I should not talk so much about myself if there were anybody else whom I knew as well.

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Economics - Essay ExampleThese relative assessments of other frugal arrangements be, to be certain, innately divinatory for two explanations (Feldman & Serrano 2005) first, they are hypothetical due to the hypothetical feature of the theories on which they are founded second, they are hypothetical because practical limits on individual, business, and societal choices cannot be merely understood as proof of a breach of the rules of deliberate individual, business, and societal choices. These are the main reasons economic principles become increasingly important nowadays. For the two explanations abovementioned, the hypothetical assessments of other economic structures are constantly open to questions from both parts they could be assessed because economic principles about the operating components of institutions are discovered to be insufficient, or to be inappropriately used. And they could be assessed because they wrongly analyze the unconscious or conscious feature of the consti tutional choices (Feldman & Serrano 2005, 64) that contain find the society, businesses, and individuals in a specific institutional context. However, the reality that the proportional assessments of economic institutions and principles will constantly be hypothetical and open to questioning in this federal agency has one more repercussion so long as there is no major opposition to the theories, and so long as there is no opposing proof to the dominant interpretation of the particular individuals, businesss, and societys constitutional interests and the unconscious or conscious character of their choices, as long as the temporary evaluation may properly be declared to be the most justifiable and well-substantiated hypothesis in sight. This kind of hypothetical comparative assessment can be used for all forms of economic structures it can be used for institutions and principles that are the product of natural development, and to those that have been intentionally recognized. And it can be used for the wide-ranging economic principles that guide market forces, at least for the organizational-constitutional principles that rule structured general arrangements. Theories of the operating components of friendly and economic institutions serve a fundamental function in the assessments of other economic structures. As a result, the economic principles that generate such theories are a major root of information for the attempts in comparative organizational and constitutional assessment of choices. Specifically, obviously, not to claim that practitioners of economics could profess to be better evaluators of the conjure up of other institutional structures, more superior than the society, business, and individuals themselves who are to exist within these structures. However, due to the important function that theoretical perspective serves in any comparative assessment of economic institutions and principles, there is a substantial component of truth-judgment (Buc hanan 1977, 213) required in these assessments. And one could quite be cynical about the level to which the utmost evaluators, the society, business, and individuals themselves, may be supposed to be directed, in their own assessments of other institutions, by a knowledgeable understanding of the concrete operating components of the economic alternatives. The economists comparative institutional analysis and evaluation

TQM in Hospitals and Healthcare organizations Essay

TQM in Hospitals and Health flush organizations - Essay Examplevery captious to the pure tone of health care, open expectations have also been one of the main reasons in increasing health care fictional character .There are diverse strategies and tenfold approaches to improve the safety and the quality of services. (John, 2003)Health Care Industries require optimal quality levels as it provides vital services and is usually measured with various indicators much(prenominal) as mortality rates, rate of medical errors, avoidable injuries to patients etc. (Fawziah S Balghonaim, 2009) There has been a momentous interest in the application of Total quality management and Continuous quality improvement (TQM and CQI) in many of the Health Care Organizations in the recent past. (Colleen, 2003) Implementations of TQM have been in high demand in many organizations and have also been made compulsory in others to face both internal and external challenges. TQM toolation will also help the public and private health Organizations to achieve good quality health services and also compete globally. (Fawziah S Balghonaim, 2009)Quality Management is very essential in all companies especially in the health care industry due to the type and nature of service rendered. Quality in this sector consists of customer quality of life, services rendered and patient satisfaction. (Fawziah S Balghonaim, 2009)There are 3 TQM principles identified by Hill and Wilkinson (1995) which are,Total quality management is viewed as the best way to implement rapid improvement in the process. TQM has become critical and mandatory as there is high level of competition between health sector organizations and increment in demand for high quality services. It helps in providing customer satisfaction and also achieving the desired outcomes for these hospitals. Implementation of TQM involves all the levels of management. It involves all the staff, employees, doctors and nurses in the health care organiz ation and it covers all the activities. Top level involvement and continuous

Evaluating The Research Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Evaluating The Research Process - Essay ExampleThomson Medical carried out a research on childhood obesity focused with the research questions such as what be the costs of obesity, what are the appropriate treatment patterns, what are the disparities in care and habitual medical conditions. This study considered the following ethical issues when collecting data consent, privacy and confidentiality. The facilitator had to obtain consent from parents and guardians by promising them that the names of the children affected was not to be revealed. Thus, the question of privacy and confidentiality was addressed from the parental consent. Obesity is considered as an epidemic in America. A research quoted in the literature review indicates that 16% of U.S children could be obese (Christofell, 2012). Further the study shows that the health problem is more prevalent to children cover by public health insurance for instance Medicaid as compared to those covered by private insurances. Accordin g to the findings, children covered by public health insurance are about six times like to be case-hardened with obesity as compared to those covered by private insurance. ... ational cost of childhood obesity is estimated to be approximately $11 billion for children with private insurance and $3 billion for those in Medicaid. In addition children covered by Medicaid are six times more credibly to be diagnosed with obesity than those covered by private insurance. Obesity was also found to be a major cause of absents in schools where it was found that obese children are absent for more long time than the ordinary weight children. Among the studied population, obese children missed school for 12.2 days on average per year while those of average weight missed for an average of 10 days (Christofell, 2012). Such kind of absenteeism disrupts children learning, causes parents to miss work has accost effect to the school systems. Children diagnosed with obesity are 2 to 3 more likely to be hospitalized and children who receive public insurance are less likely to visit the doctor but they are more likely visit the hospital more often as compared to children with private insurance (Wilkins, 2011). Children treated for obesity is more likely to get a mental health disorders or stick and bone disorders than non-obese children. Treatment for these conditions can contribute to the higher medical costs than average weight children. Other conditions, such as diabetes and heart disease are likely to emerge as these children age, causing medical costs associated with obesity to continue rising. The methodology used involved an analysis examination of the subset of children treated for obesity as recorded in the national database for children with private health insurance and database of children with public insurance. The research focused on children aged 17 years and at a lower place who had received diagnosis of obesity as small fraction of the obese children because m ost

Enterprise Systems Case Study Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Enterprise Systems Case Study Analysis - Essay ExampleFor example, an organization has a number of incisions include gross sales & marketing, procurement & inventory, finance & accounting and human resources. In order to automate the organization develops independent or separate discipline system for each department and these individual systems might not be integrated because of incompatibility. Therefore, the information or data available in one system might not be accessible to the other(a) independent information system. In this regards, it tidy sum be stated that the organization could not be benefited from the main purpose/advantages of the information systems including the information must be shared easily, correctly, and on time among business units. Disparate Independent Systems High Maintenance Cost Problem The second problem of disparate information that has been identified in the paper is the huge cost of their maintenance. There are two types of maintenance be, the first is the direct maintenance costs and the other is indirect maintenance costs. ... nformation or communication flow problem in the independent information systems, the organizations management has to bear indirect costs by taking wrong decisions by their own instinct rather than the decisions based on the information / reports provided by the group of independent information systems. Precisely, it can be stated that if an organization has the fragmented or autonomous information systems, the operations of the organization is fragmented (Davenport, 1998). Identification of Two Issues in each organization in China Implementing ERP CosmeticCo Company There are total five (5) problems have been identified in the case study for implementation of ERP in CosmeticCo caller-out by Swedens Intentia AB the software package provider (ERP vendor). The five problems include the language, Business Process Reengineering (BPR), Partnership, human resource, report and table. From these I have elect the language, and report and table problems and it is pertinent to mention here that according to the authors of the paper, both chosen problems are categorized as cultural problems. Language In the haggle of Davison in 2002, the culture is A collective programming of the mind which distinguishes one group from another. Particularly the Chinese are strict to their language and the however way to make the Chinese understand is to write in their own language rather than the Western language. However, the MOVEX ERP software did contain English words by which the human resources got confused and unable to use the software effectively. The Davison identified three cultural reasons of failure in ERP in China from which one is miscommunication due to homonyms in the Chinese language. It is one of the important factors to be considered while deployment of software

Human resource management Management of physical resources Marketing Essay

Human resource management Management of physical resources Marketing Information systems - set about ExampleThey not only advice the managers on issues related to employees but also help the organization in achieving its objectives and aims. The International Business Machines have always exclamatory on the paramount importance the employees hold in the organization. The founder of IBM had stated that they say a man is known for the company he keeps. We say in our business that a company is known by the man it keeps. At IBM, the boilers suit human resource strategy focuses on four specific beas. These areas are business value, innovation, on demand infrastructure and global integration. IBMs HR strategy aims at identifying the characteristics of the company that energizes as well as motivates its employees. This is mainly because behind the overall strategy are the employees who work hard to make it all work. IBM has always been committed to a diversified workforce and always str ives to attain candidates who are serve and reflect the markets served by the organization. The IBM recruiting is strategically designed to reach the brightest professional talent. The organization works hard to motivate its employees by dint of leadership, flexibility, a value based climate, instruction execution based opportunities and by hiring diverse and talented people. At IBM, the Human resource is expected to achieve certain objectives. These include mainly to grow IBM, also the HR is to anticipate and build skills and lastly to lead transformation. The contribution of human resource development techniques at IBM ensures employee engagement. The employees are provided access to On Demand Workplace through which they access to a variety of tools and websites in order to build expertise and manage career. This includes E-learning which is IBMs central warehouse of all online courses that are offered by the IBM professionals, travel sites and tools these enable the employee s to not only identify opportunities but also to mark their progress as they proceed along their career path and to

Solutions for Rising Sea Level Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Solutions for Rising Sea Level - Essay ExampleA substitute(prenominal) tone-beginning would therefore be to seek to find alternative means to integrate with the changing environment as a way to ensure survival of the fittest and success for oneself and the progeny that one leaves behind. This brief essay will analyze three distinctly different options for this latter approach as well as commenting and discusses the means by which these would ultimately be accomplished. The first of these has to do with building artificial islands as a means of providing mevery of the low-lying Pacific islanders permutation dwelling places if sea levels continue to rise to the degree that they devour. Although this may seem as a type of science fiction, history has proven that man-made islands excite the possibility to both be created and support life within them (Vidal, 2011, 2). As such, this particular member, published in the Guardian in 2011, discusses the means whereby the leadership of some(prenominal) Pacific island groups are pursuing relevant information with regards to how they can construct or augment islands as a function of ameliorating the threat of the plain endless rise of sea level which poses such a direct and existential threat. Although the ideas that are put forward are imaginative, it is the belief of this author that they are both too fanciful and too costly to be put into practical application. A far more effective, albeit entirely destructive means which would engender the same effect would be to merely concentrate on building up the level of the existing island. Similarly, another approach that is illustrated by another article published by Climatewire in 2010 states that coastal regions and shareholders should immediately seek to build sea walls and other means to halt the rise and encroachment of the sea (Mulkerin, 2010, 29). This approach too is good in that it requires shareholders to be proactive towards seeking to find a unique solution to the challenge that rising sea levels engender. However, the key fracture in such an approach is the fact that in arrange for it to be ultimately effective, it must be engaged upon by all shareholders in order to ameliorate the underlying problem of sea rises. However, a strength to such an approach is that it could ultimately save billions of dollars that would otherwise be required to build up the land to an acceptable height in order to stave off the encroachment of an advancing sea. Similarly, the final article discuses a litany of ways in which military personnel might seek to integrate itself with the rise of sea levels rather than seeking to find all manner of expensive means to alleviate the effects of a rising sea. Naturally this poses many problems with regards to where the mass of humanity will live and how such a system could ultimately work however, the author of this piece provides ambitious alternatives to include the possible and perhaps even probably developm ent of an entirely new form of economy in which humanity will seek to change by reversal more tightly integrated with its environment as well as finding new and constructive means to integrate his/her life with the sea. Such a level of symbiosis would not only help to provide for he further sustainment of humanity but could also help to avert any such future disasters such as the one which is currently being perpetrated with regards to global warming and the melting of the polar ice caps. Though each of the ideas that have been proposed bear a certain application as well as a level of promise to key groups, it is the belief of this author tht

The nature of Ontological arguments for Gods existence Essay

The nature of Ontological arguments for theologys existence - Essay ExampleThe majority of the things are black and white. A person can make known the truth from what is false easily without much struggle. For instance, it would be useless for a person to start looking for a four or five-sided triangle as whiz will not find the triangles. Most ontological arguments use this approach to explain the concept of the existence of God. In this, they go contrary to another(prenominal) arguments that entirely rely on at least a single empirical premise (Reeves 24). A simple ontological explanation is a propose of being a bachelor. A bachelor is a male. Therefore, a simple mention of God factor that Got exists. However, whereas the being a bachelor means one is unmarried, there is nothing to assert his existence (Nagasawa 34). Despite this, the ontological augments go on to show how they can deduce the existence of God from the definition of God. An character of an ontological argument is the having views that the existence of God to be absurd as the four-sided triangle or existence of the married bachelor. Knowing the triangle means as a three sided, and not four sided and knew the name of God means he exists without further questions. Therefore, based on this argument, if a person claims of the non-existence of God they contradict themselves. This argument is self-explanatory that the claim that God does not exist to be a clearly false claim. this argument only focuses on the causality for the support of their argument (Pasquini 23).The ontological arguments define God as all-powerful and the beginning of perfection.

Marketing- CRM (customer relationship management) Case Study

Marketing- CRM (customer relationship management) - Case Study ExampleA feasible generalized definition of CRM is that it is in social classation enabled relationship merchandise. This definition, however, doesnt de-link CRM with technology because information management in the modern business world is substitutely technology enabled. The expected output of CRM is development of positive relationship with key customers or customer segments that improves shareholder appraise of an organization. In the modern context, CRM is an effective methodology of IT enabled execution of relationship marketing strategies to develop long term & profitable relationships with customers.As per Kaplan and Norton (2000), no strategy is complete without a strategy map. Looking into CRM, the strategic framework of CRM need to be very all the way defined before the implementation begins. The strategic framework of CRM is not established as a standalone framework rather finds its roots deep into the or ganizational strategic framework starting from the board room. ... The strategic framework of CRM is not established as a standalone framework rather finds its roots deep into the organizational strategic framework starting from the board room. The business strategies of an organization form the foundation of customer strategies, whereby the former is formed at the CEO & board level comprising of business objectives comprising of strategies & directions pertaining to organization wide competencies and the latter is formed at the marketing department level that use the business strategies to target market segments & customers. The root of strategies can be established using the Balanced Scorecard mechanism certain by Kaplan & Norton as shown in Figure 1.Figure 1 Balanced Scorecard strategic framework (Kaplan and Norton. 1996)First of all, the organization needs to have clearly defined Vision & Mission statements pertaining to CRM. The next step is to define the strategic business go als of the organization that is in line with these statements. These goals should be focussed towards achieving unique office of the company in the markets & in the perspective of the customers. For example, some companies may corresponding to establish an image that they offer low cost products & services whereas others may homogeneous to achieve an image of offering premium & high profile products & services at premium costs. Similarly, some companies may like to establish large market segments comprising of multi-domain areas whereas some may focus on thin market segments comprising of niche areas. Whatever be the positioning defined for the organization, the leadership team may like to establish corresponding CRM goals and then expand them into key CRM

An Overview of Chapter 7 Bankruptcy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

An Overview of Chapter 7 Bankruptcy - Essay ExampleAs a result, Congress recently passed the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act 2005. This Act makes a number of significant changes to the Chapter 7 Bankruptcy framework (The fresh Bankruptcy Law np).One major change is the need for all debtors considering bankruptcy under Chapter 7 or Chapter 13 to undergo credit talk over. This counseling is designed to aid debtors in determining whether bankruptcy is truly necessary and how a repayment plan might be worked out. Significantly, debtors must select an canonical credit counselor. In addition, an income run is now applied to determine whether filers are eligible for the more popular Chapter 7 bankruptcy filing. To this end, a means test is employed to evaluate disposable income and to classify debts as secured, unsecured, and the degree of priorities. Another requirement imposes higher ethical duties on bankruptcy lawyers so that the attorneys must personally vou ch for the accuracy of all information provided by the debtor. The expected effect is to make it somewhat more difficult and more expensive to retain a bankruptcy lawyer.

Why Sir Isacc Newton is important Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why Sir Isacc northward is important - Essay ExampleNewton contributed important concepts of science, such as in physical science that surpassed other discoveries of his time. He discovered the forces of motions of people and objects in the world and universe that led to an understanding of the forces of constitution (Kaminski 1). These forces are published in the books in the field of Physics. He described the motion of things and people using three major principles that are taught in the hand and form basis for industrial activities. For instance, he showed that objects remain in their positions unless when moved, and would move in straight lines to the force applied. In addition, objects would offer would offer an equal and blow reaction for every action force. Newton also discovered and explained the force of gravity that acts on all bodies and people. The force of gravity is very important since explains the solar systems and other items in the universe (Whipps 1). The forc e of gravity explains the movement of the footing and the moon, which cause ocean water currents and as well as explaining bulging of the earth around the equator. He explained the importance of gravitational force in the movement of people by pulling them towards the center of the earth. He also enriched the field of physics through the developments of in movement of fluids as well as optics(Kaminski 1). Many optical substances and fluid flow systems in industries are based on his discoveries. He also developed a practical telescope as well as observed the multi-color properties of light using prisms.Newton also contributed to the other areas such as mathematics through development of important formula that are still applicable solving mathematical situations in the present (A&E 1). For instance, he laidthe foundation for the development of modern calculus and developed the formula for computing areas of curved or spherical objects that enabled solutions and breakthrough in mathem atics. In

Briefing a case State v. Wells Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Briefing a case State v. Wells - Essay ExampleThe appellate maintained her pureness, but believing that she would be convicted and sentenced gratingly at a trial, she entered into plea negotiations and agreed to plead guilty provided the prosecution recommend a sentence of 8 years on the vehicular homicide count, and 4 years for the vehicular assault to run concurrently. The prosecution agreed and the appellant pleaded guilty (Alford pleas). The court accepted the prosecutions recommendations for sentencing and the appellant was sentenced accordingly.Legal Issues The appellant raised two legal issues on appeal. First she contends that the trial court erred in failing to ascertain whether or not her Alford pleas were entered freely and knowingly pursuant(predicate) to the US Supreme Courts ruling in North Carolina v Alford (1971) 400 U.S. 25. Secondly, the appellant argued that her guilty pleas were not entered freely and knowingly because her attorney had not properly informed h er of the legal consequences of the guilty pleas.Reasoning After reviewing the record of the proceedings in the lower court the appellate court mulish that the court specifically inquired as to why the appellant was pleading guilty and not opting to go to trial. It was revealed that the appellant agreed that she felt she would be convicted despite her innocence and would receive a harsher sentence than the sentence she negotiated under the plea agreement. Thus, the court found that the necessary inquiries were made pursuant to the Alford case to ascertain that the appellant had freely and knowingly accepted a plea agreement. Therefore the first ground of appeal was dismissed on the merits. As to the second ground of appeal, the appellate court reasoned that there was no evidence on the record illustrating that the attorney did not properly inform the appellant of the legal consequences of Alford pleas. Relying on State v Cooperrider (1983) 4 Ohio St. 3d. 226, the appellate court re asoned that when an

The Cure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

The Cure - Essay ExampleThe two parents, Aileen, and John requested for an appointment with a doctor to examine the asseverate of their two affected children. The diagnosis given to the children included Pompe for Megan while Patricks diagnosis was to stupefy later in a few months.Pompe is a complaint that is genetic in nature. It is due to unbroken glycogen that results from a deficiency in enzymes that breaks glycogen down. Sugar in the body builds up and is stored as glycogen. animal starch is then deposited in the muscles of the body. The resultant effect is cells lacking energy and other necessities for them to function optimally. Consequently, the muscles entrust go through a lot of malnourishment. The effects of Pompe will cover the respiratory system and the muscles. A common phenomenon is children dying from a failure in the respiratory. The latter is also called cardiac arrest and occurs as the look enlarges slowly. The lifespan of children diagnosed with Pompe is sig nificantly reduced and only have a few years.The cause of Pompe is the mutations that the GAA gene undergoes. The task of GAA is the production of alpha Maltese. Alpha Maltese is an enzyme that handles the disruption of glycogen into glucose that is usable by the body. The enzymes production will fail if GAA undergoes mutation. Glycogen, as a result, is not decomposed to form pure sugar. However, the cells in the body engage use of glucose and cannot do so with glycogen. Too much glycogen in the cells will become toxic to the body. The more the build of glycogen, the weaker the muscles know and the levels of damage get worse.Pompe is fair when traced in an adult as compared to a child. Although it is rare, it is considerably fatal in children. There are three varied types of Pompe disease that doctors and scientist have established. Their differences come how severe they are and age of appearance. They include non-classic

Diabetes Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Diabetes - Annotated Bibliography ExampleThe findings attribute a majority of socioeconomic burden in the society to this observation, noting it as a major cause of premature mortality. To the patients, the risk of retinopathy, neurological conditions and renal failure constantly looms. In spite of giving critical findings on the ban impact of diabetes in the society and acknowledging the need to prioritize public health control programs, the researchers fail to give recommendations to curb its effects as contrasted to the subsequent articles by Goyder, Simmons and Gillett (2010) and Malkawi (2012) hereafter.The researchers from the University of Sheffield appreciate the importance of diabetes prevention in reducing morbidity and mortality, and in this study they collect data from national policy documents in the UK to determine the persons supercharged with preventing diabetes. The evidence found point out at community level intervention as more effective than individual based app roach with a great deal synergy observed for diabetes prevention and other major public health priorities, just as indicated in the previous research by Dieren et al. (2010), including obesity prevention, socioeconomic inequality, reducing chronic diseases and climate change. Even though the study was confined within the UK hence unreliable to imply to the whole global population as contrasted to the previous article, it gives an important insight that prevention programs should be aimed at the larger population other than at individuals.Malkawi, A. M. (2012). The effectiveness of physical activity in preventing geek 2 diabetes in high risk individuals using well-structured interventions a systematic review. Journal of Diabetology, 2(1), 1 18.This research acknowledges the burden of type 2 diabetes as joint in the previous two research studies and as such evaluates the effectiveness of physical activity in curbing diabetes spread. It aims at

How evil is presented throughout the play Essay Example for Free

How darkness is presented throughout the victimize EssayShow how Shakespeares sense of theatre supports the presentation of slimy in Macbeth.Shakespeare was born in 1564 at Stratford upon Avon, he was an English poet and playwright. He wrote 38 plays 154 sonnets. He began his successful career in London as an actor and a writer, and later became cognise as what many say to be the greatest writer in the English language. One of his most successful plays is Macbeth it was written at the time major power James I was on the throne at the time that the Gunpowder Plot that took place in 1605, and plotted against world power James I and tested to blow up the houses of parliament. This is quite signifi outhouset to the play as it links to people plotting against the king, as Macbeth does. In the end Guy Fawks is burnt, and at the end of the play Macbeth is besides murdered.Shakespeare received patronage from the current monarchy if they were pleased with the play he had produced, so he make it appeal to the king or Queen he was writing it for. He did this when he wrote Macbeth, as he Put witches in the play and also based the play around witches and portrayed them as personifying slimy this would f in all in appealed to King James I as he wrote a book intimately witches called Demonology in this book he confirmed his conspiracy about witches being evil supernatural beings that made bad issues happen. Shakespeare set the play in the 12th century when it was the17th century so that he could twist the facts of what happened to beat up across what he wanted to say, about the plot of the witches.Shakespeare tried to make things relevant in the play to King James I. He did this at the convey of the play where he used Thunder and Lightening, before the three witches came on this would have appealed to King James I as he expressed very(prenominal) strongly that witches conjured up storms in the book he wrote. Another thing that portrayed evil at the start of the play is that the chant that the witches do charmingly is foul and foul is fair, this shows that evil is about wakeless being bad and bad being good. This links to Macbeth because when he first talks, he says so fair and foul a day I have not seen.He is echoing the words of the witches, and this alerts the audience and makes them think he is connected to them or of the aforementioned(prenominal) nature (also evil). Also when the witches say when the hurlyburlys done, when the interlockings lost and won it makes you curious to think that they may know what is to happen in the future. It also gives you the witnessing that the witches are rum and supernatural if they can make predictions with such certainty. Shakespeare is also trying to show the power the witches have to make evil happen, that their presence or their words can effect people make them think evil and then become evil, as Macbeth does throughout the play.Macbeth as a victim of supernatural conspiracy as its th e witches who put the essence of treason in his mind.This is shown when Banquo asks Macbeth Good sir, why do you start and seem to fear. This shows Macbeth is not innately good because seeing the evil of the witches made him fear and a noble man was not to let evil get to him, like Banquo didnt. This also shows he is susceptible to evil. He also started to have evil thoughts that even started to scare himself he says I yield to that suggestion whose horrid image doth unfix my hair, and make my seated heart knock at my ribs. Macbeth knows it is a sin against God to Murder or even hurt the Lords anointed King.At the start of the play he was honourable and favoured greatly by Duncan who gave him the titles Thane of Cawdor and Thane of Glamis for winning the battle and defeating the king of Norway, further Macbeth above all was a man of action and wanted to know how he could make the prediction of the witches come true and so he didnt let his evil thoughts get in the way .He says in ac t 1 scene 4 Stars hide your fires, let not devolve see my black and deep desires, he wants the stars to stay dark so that he can hide his murderous thoughts.Also dark is associated with bad and evil and light with good and noble. He doesnt want a starry night so that he can hide his evil thoughts in the darkness out from the light. Macbeth had lots of imagination but he lacked a strong will, when lady Macbeth allures him into Duncans murder he went along with the plans although deep down he knew it was morally the incorrect thing to do., on the other hand lady Macbeth had a strong will persuading and brainwashing Macbeth, but has no imagination, she is the one who persuades him to commit the ghastly title but is the one who goes mad. Another aspect of Macbeths imagination is when he sees daggers and apparitions before he goes to kill Duncan. Macbeth even Hallucinates when he sees the ghost of Banquo.When Macbeth goes to see the witches they make him feel invincible, they tell hi m no man of woman born can touch him hearing this he goes and kills all of MacDuffs family (his innocent wife and children) that is because he has desc stop to evil, he has reached the depths of evil and because evil never triumphs the audience knows he is going be caught, this is when he finds out that the witches tricked him but he does die a noble death because he is brave. madam Macbeth is portrayed as an evil person in the play but also the source of all the evil from Macbeth. She personifies evil to Macbeth making him do wrong and she guides him into all that he does. This play is written to relate to the biblical story of Adam and Eve where God allows them to eat the fruit from all the trees keep out the tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil. A serpent persuades Eve to eat from that tree she does so but also persuades Adam to eat from it. This relates to the story of Macbeth because Lady Macbeth persuades Macbeth to do evil. This is another thing that would have appealed to kin g James I as he was a religious man who strongly believed in what the parole said. When lady Macbeth reads the letter he has been sent by Macbeth she gets excited and starts having fantastical thoughts, yet she thinks her husband is too kind to do such a thing when she says It is too full o th milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way.She knows she will have to persuade him and she knows just how she will do this that I may pour my spirits in thine ear, and chastise with the valour of my tongue. She is saying she will use her language of persuasion and guide him into the evil to do what she wants him to do. She is the one who induces him and leads him to do it, at first he is reluctant but then she wins him over by saying that he should do it for the love of her, she also challenges his masculinity by doing this so in the end after arguing a won battle because lady Macbeth isnt backing down, Macbeth finally goes to murder Duncan. later on she entices him by saying that the b lame of the murder could be put on the kings guards, so their crime wont be discovered.Throughout the play Macbeth goes from noble and good with people referring to him as noble Macbeth and valiant cousin to evil led by the witches. Macbeth was a victim of an evil plot with the witches tricking him and leading him to evil and sin, but the blame can not be put entirely on the witches because although they lead him he was the one who choose to kill Duncan witch was the start of all the bad things that came from it.Macbeth comes to die a noble death, because of his bravery and of this and then the rightful order has been restored and the rightful king is on the throne. This makes stronger the belief that people have that the king is the lords anointed and nobody can do anything about it. The play justifies the position of James I as he is a noble and righteous king . Shakespeare ended the play this was to show that no good comes from witches and from evil and it is a lot violate to be noble as you will get a better outcome, Banquo was noble and his son became the king in the end.

Social class Essay Example for Free

Social class EssaySocial class indeed does make a distinction in the lives and future lives of American children. In his works, L arau draws on a comprehensive and carefully observations of white and black pith-class and operative and poor families offering a dramatic portrait of childhood in the modern world. The loving class that a child finds him/her in decides whether he/she will achieve the desir able-bodied American vision. Parenting and childhood differ with social class a social class discrepancy influences the speed and rhythm of daily life. The social class in which the parent belongs to involve significantly on the way the parent will bring up his/her children. Social class creates a unique parenting style. Parents differ by class in the way they describe their deliver task in their childrens lives as well as how they understand the environment of upbringing. The middle class parents tend to line up to a cultural logic of childbearing which we call concerted cu ltivation. They attempt to promote their childrens talents by use of planned free conviction activities and ecumenical reasoning.They also support their children to beat out hold involved in various age-specific planned activities that govern family life and generate huge labor, especially for mothers. The parents portray these activities as a way of conveying essential life skills to their children (Lareau 20). Middle class parents lay emphasis on the use of language and development of reasoning and use of discourse as they favored form of discipline. Middle class parents discuss with their children at length seeking their opinions and encouraging their ideas.Their strategy involves direct expenses like the cost of buying equipment for plating with their children and indirect expenses for example the expenses involved in taking off leave to spend with their children. They get involved in sports, music and educational activities. This soft of nurturing creates diversity of exp eriences for children and generates an anxious pace for parents, leads to individualism amidst the family and emphasizes on childrens performance. working(a) class and poor parents engage in a cultural logic of exploit of natural growth, providing the conditions under which children can develop while leaving the children free to select the kind of activities to engage in during their free time. The childrearing approaches for employed class and sluggish emphasize on the importance of natural growth. These parents believe their children will grow and succeed provided they are given food, love and safety. They do not center on building up their childrens particular talents (Lareau 32).Working parents make use orders rather than logic. There is no much talking in lives of employed parents. Parents to children discourse in working class is so minimal.. Parents tend to use stiff commands and expect quick positive answers. Children who disobey parents orders expect to be punished. Work ing parents are inclined to issue more orders to their children and put more stress on physical discipline as compared to middle class parents. Workingclass children engage in few planned play activities as compared to children whose parents are in the middle class.Working parents do not monitor their childrens free time and activities they only intervene in specific areas such as dressing, meal times and chores They also study more free time and hence more profound and stronger ties with their extended families (Hart and Todd 19). On the other side children in middle class adjudge weaker social ties due to the fact that they get engaged in adult-organized activities. The busy and strict childrens schedules found among middle class families make it hard to arrange and attend regular extended family get together.Their parents also tend to form weak rather than strong ties by having social ne cardinalrks that include professionals only. Working parents not likely to include professi onals in their social networks but are more likely to speak with their kin on a daily routine than their friend. Their children interact with different age groups which include their cousins and children in their neighborhood. Despites differences in values between the two classes, there are disparities amongst parents and children behavior.A difference in cultural logic gives parents and their children differential resources in their interactions with professionals and other adults away from home. Working parents are more skeptical to professionals such as doctors and teachers than middle class guardians. They also display fear of the powerful individuals in the society as opposed to their counterpart. Middle class parents are better armed to exercise power over other teanagers compared to working parents (Lareau 41).Working class parents teach their children to financial backing themselves away from those occupying high places in the society, to be distrustful of institutions an d to some extend to oppose authorized authority. These make the children to absorb the adults feeling of allegiance in their society relationships (Hochschild 17). The middle class children enjoy fortunate lives they live in large houses, some have swimming pool, most children have their own bedrooms with some with computers and varied kinds of toys.They also tend to enjoy their holidays as they flew out of the country in airplanes and travel by sports car one or two hours from home to participate in their activities (Hofferth and John 33). The employed class children display a sense of restraint in their relations with powerful figures in society. They are not likely to try to tailor interactions to favor their own choices. They blindly conform to accept actions of persons in authority. Employed parents appear not to be awake(predicate) of their childrens work circumstances for example when they children are not doing assignments.They believe that the academic issues should be handled only by the teachers. Due to fear of intimidation by authority figures, they fear teaching their children the wrong things. They perceive school and home as separate worlds. They also dismiss school rules as irrational. Middle-class working parents consider themselves equal or at times superior to their children teachers. They walk in and out of classrooms comfortably as though they have the right and freely ask for their children to be included in certain school programs and more specifically try to modify the school experience to favor their children.The fact that school use specific linguistic structure, authority models and form of syllabus which the children from middle/upper children are familiar with gives them a home advantage. School authorised themselves acknowledge the use of concerted cultivation being members of the middle-class themselves they believe that concerted cultivation is the right way to bring up children. Lareau never applause one parenting style a s opposed to the other. Both taking care of children have their own demerits and merits.For example, Middle class children are only taught the rules superseding relations with official figures but are not taught on important social skills such as planning their free time hours during weekends or holidays or even on how to associate with adults in a subordinate manner. Middle class children have also erudite from their parents to make things work in their own advantage at the expense of others. For example, they make special request to teachers to change time-tables to house their desires (Lareau 47). Each strategy of childrearing makes sense in its own setting.All these disparities in parenting style have some long term consequences. It has been observed that the approaches utilized by parents and children are not uniformly successful across classes. However, our society emphasizes on the importance of skills learned from the concerted cultivation than those learned through the ach ievement of natural growth. When working-class children move from childhood to adulthood, they find that the ability to be organized and to be argent are appreciated more than the skills to operate outside formal organization, placing them at a lesser competitive advantage.Parents economic resources play a major determination in determining the kind of parenting style the parent adapts. Middle-class parents are advantaged to have access to resources as opposed to their counterparts. For example the middle class parents sees the enrollment fees charged in school as small while for the working class it is really expensive. Middle class parents are able to pay for expensive clothes for their children, buy them equipment to play with, pay for their hotel accommodations when far from home during vacations, afford to buy them fast food and summer camps.Middle-class parents have dependable private means of transportation and flexible working schedules which enable them to spend more time with their children. Educational resources also play an important role in parenting styles. Middle class high level of education gave them an upper hand when it comes to facilitating concerted cultivation and especially in institutional involvement. This also give in them assurance of criticizing educational professionals and prevailing in school issues. Where as employed parents view teachers as their social superiors.Works CitedHart, B. and Todd, R.Significant Disparities in the Daily Practices of youngish Children. Baltimore Paul H. Brookes, 1996. Hochschild, J. Looking Into the American Reality Race, Class and the Spirit of the Country. Princeton Princeton University Press, 1995. Hofferth, S. and John, S. How American Family Use Their Free Time. Journal of Marriage and the Family Relations 63(4), 2001. 295-308 Lareau, Annette. Invisible discrepancy Social Class and Child nurturing in Black Families and White Families. American Sociological Evaluation, 67(2002) 747-776. Lareau , Annette. Unequal Upbringing Class, Race, and Family Life. Berkeley California Press, 2003.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay Example for Free

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn EssayErnest Hemingway probably summed it up best when he said, All modern Ameri cigaret literature comes from one book by find straddle called Huckleberry Finn (source). Were dealing with quite a book here. Published in 1885, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Twains follow-up to the Adventures of Tom Sawyer, carved new territory into the American literary landscape in several ways.As one of the first freshs to use a specific regions vernacular in its narration, the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn practise a precedent for many other distinctly American works to follow. Some readers didnt exactly get this new colloquial style, however. Accustomed to the neat prose of Hawthorne, Thoreau, and Emerson, some readers didnt know what to do with Hucks particular way of storytelling.Aside from the novels new style of writing, Twains decision to use thirteen-year-old Huck as the narrator allowed him to include certain content that a more civilized narrator probably would have go away out. At first, Twains novel was labeled crass by some readers. The book was even banned in schools for its use of the n-word which is ironic, given that the novel is up in arms over slavery. Even today, the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn makes Banned Books lists.Look moresocial satire essayTwains novel jumped base on balls first into one of the biggest issues of its day racism. Although the Emancipation Proclamation had been signed over two decades before Huckleberry Finns original publication date, African-Americans everywhere were still victims of conquering and racism. They were technically free, but often by name only in Reconstruction-era America. Many southerners were bitter about the outcome of the Civil War.By guiding his characters by dint of several states of the Confederacy, Twain was able to reveal the hypocrisy of many pre-war southern communities. As a southerner himself, Twain had first-hand experiences to draw on, and he was able to wa lk the lovely line between realistic depiction and ironic farce. Not to mention, Twain created the now-iconic character of Jim, a runaway slave who convinces Huck that African-Americans are deserving of freedom, and that equivalence is a goal for which we all should be fighting.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is now considered to be one of the Great American Novels, mostly due to how it so heartily champions the American ideals of freedom, independence, and problematic individualism. Hucks dedication to his own moral standards and his bold sense of adventure and self-sufficiency have earned him a place in the All-American abidance of Fame. In addition, Twain is a hilarious storyteller, and the plot of this novel is a roller-coaster ride of moral dilemmas so trust us when we say that if you havent taken the ride yet, you probably should.Why Should I Care?Mark Twain wrote Adventures of Huckleberry Finn twenty years after the American Civil War. Slavery had been abolished, and t he brotherhood and South were making up (albeit with some residual anger). So why publish a highly moralistic tale about a governance that was no longer in place? Werent campaign issues a moot point once slavery was out of the picture?Hardly. Freedom didnt mean equality by any means not legally, socially, or practically. (See Shmoop Historys Jim Crow in America for more.) Actually, come to think of it, this isnt an outdated capriciousness at all. Rules and laws often dont accurately reflect whats really going on. From a legal standpoint today, we have equality of race yet racism is still a problem. Men and women are equal, yet many still see a glass ceiling for women in the workplace, marrow they often have invisible boundaries to advancement.That doesnt mean laws are useless.Laws may not immediately effect change, but weve seen that they do precede change. While laws can affect how people act, it takes more to change the way we think. We cant rely on laws alone. Thats where T he Adventures of Huckleberry Finn comes back into the picture. We need people like Mark Twain to remind us not to be self-congratulatory for starting a process in motion, but instead to realize that greater change is forever and a day necessary.

Effect of Domestic Violence on Children and Young People

Effect of national Violence on Children and youth PeopleThe temperament of Domestic ViolenceDomestic soldiers out has been defined as a continuum of doings ranging from verbal ab employ, visible, and sexual assault, to rape and regular(a) homicide. The vast majority of much(prenominal) force out, and the most severe and chronic incidents, ar perpetrated by men against women and their children.(Department of health DoH 2000) In most cases the rage is against women by their partners or spouse and affects children belonging to unrivaled or both of them. Children ignore become dupes of house servant wildness alone through universe directly tar arse roughlyed or witnessing scenes of home(prenominal) force surrounded by p argonnts and their partners. At least 750,000 children a year witness delirium inside the home, and tight three quarters of children on child protection registers live in households where internalated violence occurs. (Dept. of Health, 2003 ).Abuse and violence w flashethorn be personal, stirred up, psychological, financial or sexual, and may be constant or spasmodic. Yet domestic violence is see by individuals from all in all class, race, religion and culture the valet de chambre over (British medical examination Association BMA 1999).While severe cases of domestic violence toilette lots use up to women being hospitalised, others remain undetectable to the public eye, expiration women who live in constant hero-worship of their partner or spouse, trying to avoid degradation. A deal by Mayhew show that psychological and emotional ridicule might be constant whilst the physical violence is intermittent (Mayhew et al 1996). For the child or green person this becomes a way of life whiz without st capability or security and this cigarette calculate to behavioral problems and even crime.The focus of this dissertation is on the equal of domestic violence on the lives of children and schoolboyish batta lion. Research took tail in the Hammersmith and Fulham field of honor of London. The main body of enquiry is secondary, from journals, books, and internet sources. The primary investigate is in the form of 2 sets of questionnaires handed out to 40 community. The first questionnaire uses a design based on a survey done by Doctors from the University of Arizona, which has already proven tubing successful and reliable. The questionnaire consists of four questionsHave you ever been in a kindred with round(a)one who has hit you, kicked you, slapped you, punched you, or threatened to scandalise you? currently?When you were pregnant did anyone ever physically hurt you?Are you in a kinship with someone who yells at you, calls you names, or assembles you d consume? (Wahl et al 2004 25).The questionnaire was carried out on a random sample of the public. 20were handed to deal outside Fulham Broadway subway station during rush-hour. People were just now given the form if they verba lize they had children, and were asked to concern it in on their way home from work or when they got pricker, and were given an sae. This manner was chosen for reasons of personal safety as opposed to going round doorway to door.If the respondent answered yes to all questions then they were tell to suck in suffered a lengthy period of domestic violence. In hallow to investigate the set up of domestic violence on adolescents questionnaire was devised for teenagers (see Appendix 1) and 20 were handed out at a younker centre in Hammersmith to be filled out anonymously. The forms were then compile at the end of the day.The second class of primary query was intentional to be to a greater extent specific. It was decided to approach an connective specifically setup for women who assume suffered domestic violence, which is actively twisty in policy work in the UK. The chair fair sex was approached and asked whether she could arrange for a sample preferably those with fami ly in a down(p) community who would consider completing questionnaire for a research assume on domestic violence and its effects on fresh people and children. The chairwoman gave the investigator four names and email addresses of people who were ordaining to be contacted. However, the respondents and the association were to remain anonymous for reasons of confidentiality and security. The respondents used pseudonyms for their responses.As the sample was small, yet relevant, it was decided to use a to a greater extent lengthy questionnaire, and interview the four egresss in more depth or so their stick. Aside from the emotional effects, questions were designed to explore how domestic violence can be detrimental to encyclopedism and health. (see Appendix 2).Organisations and Government constitutionThere are many voluntary organisations such as Shelter, which provide focus and patchs of refuge for women and children suffering domestic violence. Beneath are listed other ser vice in the Hammersmith and Fulham field of battle Refuge provides a Freephone 24-hour National Domestic Violence Helpline confederation efforts, such as the Peace Week.The protection from Harassment Act 1997Prosecutions from the condemnable Justice Act 1998 where the victim privation non have the appearance _or_ semblance in chat up, nevertheless her statement used instead.Developing police strategy for collecting march at the scene (Home subprogram 2000). What happens to children in cases of Domestic Violence?The aftermath of domestic problems can be as damaging as the incidents or episodes themselves. Children can be present during an arrest of apparent, witness a parent breaking restraining orders and their reactions to court decisions. In these situations children can be used as pawns or in worst cases even be taken as hostages. (Devote and Smith, 2002 ). In a qualitative study on the effects of domestic violence on children, McGees (2000) study, on with other resear ch, revealed thatChildren do not learn to come across physical abuse to experience long-term ostracize effects of living where extreme controlling behaviour and abuse are the norm.In order to protect themselves, children may take the develops side in an argument, and may themselves be b privation to their sire (Kelly 1996).Children regularly experience a sense of total powerlessness, wishing they could assist their mother, which may produce harm to their long-term emotional healthybeing.This may later generate revenge fantasies, but at the meter a lot leads them to have an overpowering need to stay in the room. (Shipway 2004 116).It is not unusual for the child or young person to blame themselves for what is happening to their mother, particularly as the partner may have used their behaviour as a reason for losing his temper. (Ibid).Young people sometimes fear cordial services will remove them from the home if it is cognise violence and abuse exists.Gaudi (200127) provid ed evidence confirming that two-thirds of the residents in refuges are children. However, this does not account for the hundreds who are afraid to constitution violence. The threat of leaving their family home, however unstable, is oftentimes not well received by children, and many would rather put up with domestic violence than remove themselves from it.Domestic Violence in the ominous communityDomestic violence in the drear community has been recognize as being less in all likelihood to be reported mainly because women and young people do not wish to threaten the stability of their maculation within their community. Women from African Caribbean communities are less likely to report their experiences and therefore they experience elongate abuse over a long, or sometimes indeterminate, time frame. One of the critical debates concerning domestic violence is the idea of getting used to a way of being treated and thus for it to become the norm within family life.An article writ ten by a survivor of domestic violence give tongue to of her early historic period in Jamaica in my experience it was common side to read of or even witness women/men being beaten by their spouses or partners in public view. (Unknown author.http//www.2as1.net/articles/article.asp?id=49.). She comments of violence in the UK, saying that particularly within the Black community, the fighting may not overspill onto the streets but it does occur, behind unopen doors.Black communities in London are well established and people living within them rely on the social building of their area. The idea of leaving the area to live in a refuge where they might not understand English oration people so well is an intimidating shot for many. Thus, some women who do not speak English might check seeking help, finding the language a barrier between them and British speaking organisations. Interpreters can be used, but involving a third partying a womans private life can be an off-putting idea. Furthermore, religious or cultural beliefs might forbid divorce, and religious community leaders mostly being men, only some speak out about domestic violence.In the case of migrant women and children who suffer domestic abuse there often is the threat of not being able to stay in the UK if they separate from their partner. An even greater threat is that the partner might abduct the children and take them abroad. (GreenwichMulti-Agency Domestic Violence Forum. 2003).One of the most powerful psychological effects of domestic violence, physical or verbal, is the victims distorted positioning of their abuser. Often women will reconcile excuses for the person who attacks them blaming it on themselves or on drink or drugs or other dialectes within their relationship. This comes with an inability to prioritise their personal safety and wellbeing, and that of their children, believe that the emotional attachment between the family members might be enough to overcome the front man of violence.Consequently, the effects of the mothers decision to remain within the abusive relationship means that the child remains continually at risk from psychological and physical hurt. The effects of exposure to violence in the home are extensive and not always immediately evident. For the individual exposure to domestic violence can precipitate personality disorders, addictive disorders, substance abuse, and even physical disorders. And as studies have verbalisen, many violent individuals have themselves been victims of domestic violence and abuse, futile to break out of the cycle. Children and adolescents with violent parent(s) are without the presence of a instruct on which to model their behaviour. This can lead to further social problems such as an inability to integrate with peers. A young person who has experienced the danger of a violent home life might seek security in other forms such as substance abuse, and gangs and gang violence.StatisticsThe Home Office survey 2 004 reported on a questionnaire used by the2001 British offense ken. It asked a nationally representative sample of 22,463 women and men aged between 16 and 59 whether they had been subject to domestic violence during their lifetime and during the preceding year. For relevance to this dissertation the interest graphs were selected from the surveySource Home Office Survey 2004 12.The survey surmised that since the age of 16 45% of women and 26%of men were subject to domestic violence at least once in their lifetime. (Home Office 2004 8). Of these 18.6% were subject to force, meaning pushing, shoving, or physical harm.The British Crime Survey estimated that 13% of women and 9% of men had been subject to domestic violence in the 12 months prior to interview. (p.8). Furthermore, 12.9 million incidents of domestic violence acts had occurred against women in that year.Violence against childrenIn 90% of cases of domestic violence children are in the same room or the succeeding(a) room. (Hughes 1998)In 40% 60% of cases of domestic violence child abuse is as well occurring ( Stark Flit craft 1998)The NCH study found 75% of mothers tell their children had witnessed domestic violence, 33% had seen their mothers beaten up, 10%had witnessed sexual violence (NCH, 1994). (http//www.womens-aid.org.uk/statistics.php).Immediate effects of Domestic Violence on Children and Young PeopleA report by the Department of Health concluded thatFor many women and their families the effects of domestic violence will be catastrophic, the damage to their physical and psychological wellbeing may be deeply damaging, and on occasions fatal. (Department of Health DoH 2000 12)Victimisation by a parent of a child or young person can lead to the individual becoming so controlled and inhibited that they are unable to make even the simplest decision or act without permission, responding with complete obedience to every order given and every rule imposed. Abuse can encumber every part of thei r life, leading in cases to suicide seeming like the only escape. Some people express their self-disgust and powerlessness through alcohol or drug abuse, or self-mutilation, exhibiting signs of severe depression and complete enumerateency on the abuser.(Shipway 2004 1).Because of the variety of forms which domestic violence can take its difficult for research to vertebral column all areas. For example, there can be negative effects from being an observer. Research by Fantuzzo and Mohr noted this and thus instead of using the term victim used exposure. This was used in the context of the experience of watching or hearing domestic violence being directly involved calling police and the experience of the aftermath of scenes which might take on seeing injuries or contuse on a parent and observing maternal depression. (Fantuzzo and Mohr 1999 22).Work by Hester et al found that childrens responses differ among members of the same family who are witnessing or experiencing the same abus e. They besides said that it is hard to discern the impacts of living with domestic violence on children, because some of the consequent behaviours also occur in children experiencing other forms of abuse and neglect. (Hester et al. 200044) The followers is a list of negative effects taken from Shipway 2004 117)Secrecy mix-upFearMistrustfulBlaming themselvesNightmaresIn addition Hester et al. (200044) found that whilst some children have poor social skills others attain a high level of social skills maturation with an ability to negotiate difficult situations. Childs ability to fight with abuse should never be underestimated neither should the childs attachment to the abusive parent which, for some, may continue to be strong. (Ibid).Childrens responses to witnessing domestic violence will depend on age, race, class, sex, stage of development, and the support of others.(Womens Aid). Children may feel angry at their mother or father for not protecting them, as well as blaming the m for causing the violence. Others may be so concerned about their mothers affliction that they keep private their own grief (Saunders, 1995. From Womens Aid).Long marge effectsResearch by Fantuzzo and Mohr concluded that children who live in violent households are at greater risk of being maladjusted. (Fantuzzoand Mohr 1999 22.) Some of these problems include demeanour ModellingIn very young children through to adolescent age, behaviour is often modelled on people who the individual spends significant time with. Piaget in his 1972 outcome noted that childrens match behaviour involves modelling on those around them, and eventually to reproducing that behaviour at any given time or place . As children pay back up the parent figure becomes a role-model and if an abusive relationship exists then this trust is taken away.In study conducted by American researchers on enmity and violence in adolescent boys, 15 interviewees were asked questions which sought to put areas for improvem ent concerning intervention and prevention. Participants disclosed that their aggressive responses to provocation were frequently modelled on responses that they had seen exhibited bothers, particularly those observed among immediate and extended family members. For example, a respondent called Dan said the following about his fatherHe gets mad too quickly. Hell get aggravated and sine just explode and thats when the fights start. Well argue and then untoward get mad and tell him some stuff and then hell get mad and just start yelling and then like one of us will go after the other, and then were fighting so my mother will try to break it up or call the police. (Ballot et al 2002 221).Not all interviewees connected their behaviour with their families, however, there were many family interactions which involved aggression and domestic violence. It is perhaps the impact of what children witness that remains with them and encourages them to learn negative behavioural responses mo re quickly. As Brian explained, When I was younger, I didnt have a very organized family at all, so I looked towards the people on the streets. Thats when it gets you in trouble.Social IntegrationThe maltreat childs unstable, often dangerous, home environment is likely to limit the childs development of social skills, self-confidence, and experience of positive interactions (Herrenkohl etal., 1995). Taken from make 1999 10). Children who grow up in a violent, unpredictable family have a world view in which potential threat is constantly present. The childs ability to play and integrate with others is heavily impaired as they are, if you like, watching their back in case of attack.Play is an important medium of self-expression for the young child, especially during the preschool years when language is still developing. It is the way in which children explore the world around them and learn to recognise and understand objects and people. Because play is sensitive to environmental c onditions, the childs physical and social environment will either support or limit his or her play opportunities. Unfortunately, when a child is exposed to a chronically violent, abusive, or decrepit home environment, his or her opportunities for play development and play experiences are severely disrupted. (Cooper 199910).The physically abused or neglected child is more likely to show delayed language, cognitive, and motor development, and as a consequence, delayed play skills (Ibid). Cooper suggests that the preschool child will internalise the experience of domestic violence, and may view himself or herself as the cause. As a result, the preschool child may act in destructive ways, such as deliberately destroying other childrens games or toys, in order to attract negative attention. (Ibid). A 1989 study by Fagot et al found physically abused preschool childrens free play with peers to be more disruptive, aggressive, and antisocial than the play of other, non-abused children. (I bid). Fantuzzo found that aggressive play behaviour, and a lack of empathy with fellow children, is likely to further isolate and prevent the abused child from learning appropriate social skills (Davis Fantuzzo, 1989 227-248).StructureChildren living in a nonadaptive family unit where violence occurs will often experience a lack of structure and organisation to their daily lives. The study by Ballot et al found that the boys felt safe in the institution as they had a chance to lead orderly, less chaotic lives than the ones they experienced in their homes and on the streets. (Ballot et al 2002 17). all(prenominal) child will cope with exposure to domestic violence in their own unique way. Indeed, many children might at first not appear to have been adversely affected. It is only later, or in certain situations that their inner emotional state might be revealed. Indeed, although there is a varying proceeds of possible negative health and social outcomes for children who have lived in an abusive home, not all children manifest these characteristics in their later life. The young mind can be resilient and adaptableIt is important to remember that some children remain utterly well-adjusted despite living with abuse and that a majority cash in ones chips within on clinical or normal levels of functioning. (Millender and Morley19944)Results from Primary ResearchOf the 20 questionnaires handed out to a random sample of respondents, who were asked only to fill out and return the form if they had children. 8 were returned. The results are set out beneath1. Have you ever been in a relationship with someone who has hit you, kicked you, slapped you, punched you, or threatened to hurt you? 2. CURRENTLY? 3. When you were pregnant did anyone ever physically hurt you? 4. Are you in a relationship with someone who yells at you, calls you names, or puts you down?7 out of 8 women said they had been in a relationship where they were threatened or hurt3 out of 8 women said they were currently in a violent relationship6 women who said they had been abused while pregnant, which implies that their children could have been born into a domestically violent household.6 out of 8 women said they were in an emotionally abusive relationshipThese statistics for the Fulham area are quite high. Nearly half(a)(a) of respondents said they had experienced prolonged domestic abuse. It would be useful to conduct a further study on another random sample to see if the two sets of results would correlate. Because under half the sample returned the questionnaires it cannot be said to be representative sample of the Fulham area.Nonetheless the findings do give a surprising insight into the lives of black women in London, covering that abuse, in any form, is a regular occurrence in some peoples lives. Furthermore, because these respondents had children its likely that their children have witnessed domestic violence. Future research might look into establishing a comparison s tudy on 20 women who do not have children in an attempt to see whether more cases of abuse occur within relationships where children are present.Questionnaire on teenagersOf the 20 forms which were filled in 9 respondents said they had been involved in or witnessed cases of domestic violence in their lifetime.1. Have you ever been involved in or witnessed scenes of domestic violence in your family? Was this age 1-5/6-14/15-present? Or all of the above?2. Were these scenes between your parents/partners? Did they ever directly involve you? Yes 4 No 53. Were you ever physically hurt during these episodes? Yes 3 No 64. Were you verbally abused during these episodes? Yes 9 No 05. How did your experience affect your daily life 1. Made you shy..2 2. Made you drear.9 3. Made you angry5 4. Made you aggressive towards others36. Do you believe your experience to have been detrimental to your ability to enjoy and participate in school? 1. Yes..3 2. No62 out of 9 respondents said they had witn essed or experienced domestic abuse throughout their lives. Just under half of respondents said that they were directly involved in scenes of domestic violence and all respondents said they were verbally abused. The highest percentage(100%) said they had felt sad, while just under half felt aggressive towards other people.InterviewsThe four cases of domestic violence all revealed the problem of domestic violence to be one associated with isolation and taking place within the privacy of the home. All respondents engageted that they believed domestic violence to have negatively affected their children. Particularly poignant were the accounts of children becoming withdrawn, another aggressive, and another blaming her mother. All these findings are consistent with the secondary research presented in the first section of this dissertation.The interviews provided a surprisingly good response. Some people might be reluctant to admit to the presence of violence in their domestic life, espe cially if it involves their children, in fear of admitting that they are (directly, or indirectly) causing their child to be unhappy. However, all four respondents answered openly and honestly about their experiences.ConclusionThis dissertation has looked into a cross section of the population in the Hammersmith and Fulham area of London. Teenagers and women who were known to have experienced abuse were asked questions about their experiences and both reported feelings of sadness and aggression. Random sample of women with children also revealed that nearly half of the population had experienced a domestic violence act of some kind in their lives.The findings were consistent with the secondary research, such as the study by Piaget 1972, and Cooper 1999, both of which found that young children had difficulty in play activities and social integration, both at pre-school and primary level. The study by Ballonet al on aggressive teenagers also correlated with the responses from the ques tionnaires handed out at the youth centre.It is not possible to say that there are more domestic violence cases in black communities or that they are caused by demographic and stress factors. A study by Richardson et al on the prevalence of domestic violence against women looked for a correlation between demographic factors and domestic violence. They concluded that black women were least likely to have ever experienced domestic violence compared to their white female counterparts.(Richardson et al 2002274).The interview with the British mother found that the violence she had experienced was mostly verbal and did not involve physical force directed at her. Out of the four women she was the only one still tube with her husband with whom she had fought with. This is not consistent with the secondary research presented at the ascendant which suggested that more black women stayed with their spouses in fear of what might happen if they left.Future research might explore the marital sta tus of black women in the Hammersmith and Fulham area and the stability of the family unit. Interviews with more than one member of a family might also be useful in order to gain a different perspective on the same incidents.To conclude, domestic violence appears to have a negative impact on children and young people. Initial responses might be guilt, fear, sleeplessness and a desire to protect their mother. In pre-schoolchildren the learning ability and playfulness is often damage by the experience of domestic violence. In children of all ages research has shown that behaviour is modelled on what they see around them, and this can lead to anti-social behaviour to peers and strangers. Longer-term effects include an inability to trust other people, withdrawing from social situations, depression, and in worse cases aggression on the streets, and drug and alcohol abuse.Effect of Domestic Violence on Children and Young PeopleEffect of Domestic Violence on Children and Young PeopleThe N ature of Domestic ViolenceDomestic violence has been defined as a continuum of behaviour ranging from verbal abuse, physical, and sexual assault, to rape and even homicide. The vast majority of such violence, and the most severe and chronic incidents, are perpetrated by men against women and their children.(Department of Health DoH 2000) In most cases the violence is against women by their partners or spouse and affects children belonging to one or both of them. Children can become victims of domestic violence either through being directly targeted or witnessing scenes of domestic violence between parents and their partners. At least 750,000 children a year witness violence within the home, and nearly three quarters of children on child protection registers live in households where domestic violence occurs. (Dept. of Health, 2003).Abuse and violence may be physical, emotional, psychological, financial or sexual, and may be constant or spasmodic. Yet domestic violence is experienced by individuals from every class, race, religion and culture the world over (British Medical Association BMA 1999).While severe cases of domestic violence can often lead to women being hospitalised, others remain undetectable to the public eye, leaving women who live in constant fear of their partner or spouse, trying to avoid degradation. A study by Mayhew found that psychological and emotional abuse might be constant whilst the physical violence is intermittent (Mayhew et al 1996). For the child or young person this becomes a way of life one without stability or security and this can lead to behavioural problems and even crime.The focus of this dissertation is on the impact of domestic violence on the lives of children and young people. Research took place in the Hammersmith and Fulham area of London. The main body of research is secondary, from journals, books, and internet sources. The primary research is in the form of 2 sets of questionnaires handed out to 40people. The first questionnaire uses a design based on a survey done by Doctors from the University of Arizona, which has already proven tube successful and reliable. The questionnaire consists of four questionsHave you ever been in a relationship with someone who has hit you, kicked you, slapped you, punched you, or threatened to hurt you?CURRENTLY?When you were pregnant did anyone ever physically hurt you?Are you in a relationship with someone who yells at you, calls you names, or puts you down? (Wahl et al 2004 25).The questionnaire was carried out on a random sample of the public. 20were handed to people outside Fulham Broadway tube station during rush-hour. People were only given the form if they said they had children, and were asked to fill it in on their way home from work or when they got back, and were given an sae. This method was chosen for reasons of personal safety as opposed to going round door to door.If the respondent answered yes to all questions then they were said to have suffer ed a prolonged period of domestic violence. In order to investigate the effects of domestic violence on adolescents questionnaire was devised for teenagers (see Appendix 1) and 20 were handed out at a youth centre in Hammersmith to be filled out anonymously. The forms were then collected at the end of the day.The second section of primary research was designed to be more specific. It was decided to approach an association specifically setup for women who have suffered domestic violence, which is actively involved in policy work in the UK. The chairwoman was approached and asked whether she could arrange for a sample preferably those with family in a black community who would consider completing questionnaire for a research study on domestic violence and its effects on young people and children. The chairwoman gave the researcher four names and email addresses of people who were willing to be contacted. However, the respondents and the association were to remain anonymous for reaso ns of confidentiality and security. The respondents used pseudonyms for their responses.As the sample was small, yet relevant, it was decided to use a more lengthy questionnaire, and interview the four subjects in more depth about their experience. Aside from the emotional effects, questions were designed to explore how domestic violence can be detrimental to learning and health. (see Appendix 2).Organisations and Government PolicyThere are many voluntary organisations such as Shelter, which provide counselling and places of refuge for women and children suffering domestic violence. Beneath are listed other services in the Hammersmith and Fulham area Refuge provides a Freephone 24-hour National Domestic Violence HelplineCommunity efforts, such as the Peace Week.The protection from Harassment Act 1997Prosecutions from the Criminal Justice Act 1998 where the victim need not appear in court, but her statement used instead.Developing police strategy for collecting evidence at the scene (Home Office 2000). What happens to children in cases of Domestic Violence?The aftermath of domestic problems can be as damaging as the incidents or episodes themselves. Children can be present during an arrest of apparent, witness a parent breaking restraining orders and their reactions to court decisions. In these situations children can be used as pawns or in worst cases even be taken as hostages. (Devote and Smith, 2002 ). In a qualitative study on the effects of domestic violence on children, McGees (2000) study, along with other research, revealed thatChildren do not have to experience physical abuse to experience long-term negative effects of living where extreme controlling behaviour and abuse are the norm.In order to protect themselves, children may take the fathers side in an argument, and may themselves be abusive to their mother (Kelly 1996).Children regularly experience a sense of total powerlessness, wishing they could assist their mother, which may produce harm to the ir long-term emotional wellbeing.This may later cause revenge fantasies, but at the time often leads them to have an overpowering need to stay in the room. (Shipway 2004 116).It is not unusual for the child or young person to blame themselves for what is happening to their mother, particularly as the partner may have used their behaviour as a reason for losing his temper. (Ibid).Young people sometimes fear social services will remove them from the home if it is known violence and abuse exists.Gaudi (200127) provided evidence confirming that two-thirds of the residents in refuges are children. However, this does not account for the hundreds who are afraid to report violence. The threat of leaving their family home, however unstable, is often not well received by children, and many would rather put up with domestic violence than remove themselves from it.Domestic Violence in the Black communityDomestic violence in the black community has been recognised as being less likely to be repo rted mainly because women and young people do not wish to threaten the stability of their position within their community. Women from African Caribbean communities are less likely to report their experiences and therefore they experience prolonged abuse over a long, or sometimes indeterminate, time frame. One of the critical debates concerning domestic violence is the idea of getting used to a way of being treated and thus for it to become the norm within family life.An article written by a survivor of domestic violence said of her early years in Jamaica in my experience it was commonplace to hear of or even witness women/men being beaten by their spouses or partners in public view. (Unknown author.http//www.2as1.net/articles/article.asp?id=49.). She comments of violence in the UK, saying that particularly within the Black community, the fighting may not overspill onto the streets but it does occur, behind closed doors.Black communities in London are well established and people livi ng within them rely on the social structure of their area. The idea of leaving the area to live in a refuge where they might not understand English speaking people so well is an intimidating prospect for many. Thus, some women who do not speak English might delay seeking help, finding the language a barrier between them and British speaking organisations. Interpreters can be used, but involving a third partying a womans private life can be an off-putting idea. Furthermore, religious or cultural beliefs might forbid divorce, and religious community leaders mostly being men, only some speak out about domestic violence.In the case of migrant women and children who suffer domestic abuse there often is the threat of not being able to stay in the UK if they separate from their partner. An even greater threat is that the partner might abduct the children and take them abroad. (GreenwichMulti-Agency Domestic Violence Forum. 2003).One of the most powerful psychological effects of domestic vi olence, physical or verbal, is the victims distorted perspective of their abuser. Often women will make excuses for the person who attacks them blaming it on themselves or on drink or drugs or other stresses within their relationship. This comes with an inability to prioritise their personal safety and wellbeing, and that of their children, believing that the emotional attachment between the family members might be enough to overcome the presence of violence.Consequently, the effects of the mothers decision to remain within the abusive relationship means that the child remains continually at risk from psychological and physical hurt. The effects of exposure to violence in the home are extensive and not always immediately evident. For the individual exposure to domestic violence can precipitate personality disorders, addictive disorders, substance abuse, and even physical disorders. And as studies have shown, many violent individuals have themselves been victims of domestic violence and abuse, unable to break out of the cycle. Children and adolescents with violent parent(s) are without the presence of a mentor on which to model their behaviour. This can lead to further social problems such as an inability to integrate with peers. A young person who has experienced the insecurity of a violent home life might seek security in other forms such as substance abuse, and gangs and gang violence.StatisticsThe Home Office survey 2004 reported on a questionnaire used by the2001 British Crime Survey. It asked a nationally representative sample of 22,463 women and men aged between 16 and 59 whether they had been subject to domestic violence during their lifetime and during the preceding year. For relevance to this dissertation the following graphs were selected from the surveySource Home Office Survey 2004 12.The survey surmised that since the age of 16 45% of women and 26%of men were subject to domestic violence at least once in their lifetime. (Home Office 2004 8). Of t hese 18.6% were subject to force, meaning pushing, shoving, or physical harm.The British Crime Survey estimated that 13% of women and 9% of men had been subject to domestic violence in the 12 months prior to interview. (p.8). Furthermore, 12.9 million incidents of domestic violence acts had occurred against women in that year.Violence against childrenIn 90% of cases of domestic violence children are in the same room or the next room.(Hughes 1998)In 40% 60% of cases of domestic violence child abuse is also occurring ( Stark Flit craft 1998)The NCH study found 75% of mothers said their children had witnessed domestic violence, 33% had seen their mothers beaten up, 10%had witnessed sexual violence (NCH, 1994). (http//www.womens-aid.org.uk/statistics.php).Immediate effects of Domestic Violence on Children and Young PeopleA report by the Department of Health concluded thatFor many women and their families the effects of domestic violence will be catastrophic, the damage to their physi cal and psychological wellbeing may be deeply damaging, and on occasions fatal. (Department of Health DoH 2000 12)Victimisation by a parent of a child or young person can lead to the individual becoming so controlled and inhibited that they are unable to make even the simplest decision or act without permission, responding with complete obedience to every order given and every rule imposed. Abuse can encumber every part of their life, leading in cases to suicide seeming like the only escape. Some people express their self-disgust and powerlessness through alcohol or drug abuse, or self-mutilation, exhibiting signs of severe depression and complete dependency on the abuser.(Shipway 2004 1).Because of the variety of forms which domestic violence can take its difficult for research to cover all areas. For example, there can be negative effects from being an observer. Research by Fantuzzo and Mohr noted this and thus instead of using the term victim used exposure. This was used in the context of the experience of watching or hearing domestic violence being directly involved calling police and the experience of the aftermath of scenes which might include seeing injuries or bruising on a parent and observing maternal depression. (Fantuzzo and Mohr 1999 22).Work by Hester et al found that childrens responses differ among members of the same family who are witnessing or experiencing the same abuse. They also said that it is hard to discern the impacts of living with domestic violence on children, because some of the consequent behaviours also occur in children experiencing other forms of abuse and neglect. (Hester et al. 200044) The following is a list of negative effects taken from Shipway 2004 117)SecrecyConfusionFearMistrustfulBlaming themselvesNightmaresIn addition Hester et al. (200044) found that whilst some children have poor social skills others attain a high level of social skills development with an ability to negotiate difficult situations. Childs ability to cope with abuse should never be underestimated neither should the childs attachment to the abusive parent which, for some, may continue to be strong. (Ibid).Childrens responses to witnessing domestic violence will depend on age, race, class, sex, stage of development, and the support of others.(Womens Aid). Children may feel angry at their mother or father for not protecting them, as well as blaming them for causing the violence. Others may be so concerned about their mothers distress that they keep private their own grief (Saunders, 1995. From Womens Aid).Long Term effectsResearch by Fantuzzo and Mohr concluded that children who live in violent households are at greater risk of being maladjusted. (Fantuzzoand Mohr 1999 22.) Some of these problems includeBehaviour ModellingIn very young children through to adolescent age, behaviour is often modelled on people who the individual spends significant time with. Piaget in his 1972 publication noted that childrens play behaviour invol ves modelling on those around them, and eventually to reproducing that behaviour at any given time or place . As children grow up the parent figure becomes a role-model and if an abusive relationship exists then this trust is taken away.In study conducted by American researchers on aggression and violence in adolescent boys, 15 interviewees were asked questions which sought to identify areas for improvement concerning intervention and prevention. Participants disclosed that their aggressive responses to provocation were frequently modelled on responses that they had seen exhibited bothers, particularly those observed among immediate and extended family members. For example, a respondent called Dan said the following about his fatherHe gets mad too quickly. Hell get aggravated and hell just explode and thats when the fights start. Well argue and then Ill get mad and tell him some stuff and then hell get mad and just start yelling and then like one of us will go after the other, an d then were fighting so my mother will try to break it up or call the police. (Ballot et al 2002 221).Not all interviewees connected their behaviour with their families, however, there were many family interactions which involved aggression and domestic violence. It is perhaps the impact of what children witness that remains with them and encourages them to learn negative behavioural responses more quickly. As Brian explained, When I was younger, I didnt have a very organized family at all, so I looked towards the people on the streets. Thats when it gets you in trouble.Social IntegrationThe abused childs unstable, often dangerous, home environment is likely to limit the childs development of social skills, self-confidence, and experience of positive interactions (Herrenkohl etal., 1995). Taken from Cooper 1999 10). Children who grow up in a violent, unpredictable family have a world view in which potential threat is constantly present. The childs ability to play and integrate with others is severely impaired as they are, if you like, watching their back in case of attack.Play is an important medium of self-expression for the young child, especially during the preschool years when language is still developing. It is the way in which children explore the world around them and learn to recognise and understand objects and people. Because play is sensitive to environmental conditions, the childs physical and social environment will either support or limit his or her play opportunities. Unfortunately, when a child is exposed to a chronically violent, abusive, or neglectful home environment, his or her opportunities for play development and play experiences are severely disrupted. (Cooper 199910).The physically abused or neglected child is more likely to show delayed language, cognitive, and motor development, and as a consequence, delayed play skills (Ibid). Cooper suggests that the preschool child will internalise the experience of domestic violence, and may vie w himself or herself as the cause. As a result, the preschool child may act in destructive ways, such as deliberately destroying other childrens games or toys, in order to attract negative attention. (Ibid). A 1989 study by Fagot et al found physically abused preschool childrens free play with peers to be more disruptive, aggressive, and antisocial than the play of other, non-abused children. (Ibid). Fantuzzo found that aggressive play behaviour, and a lack of empathy with fellow children, is likely to further isolate and prevent the abused child from learning appropriate social skills (Davis Fantuzzo, 1989 227-248).StructureChildren living in a dysfunctional family unit where violence occurs will often experience a lack of structure and organisation to their daily lives. The study by Ballot et al found that the boys felt safe in the institution as they had a chance to lead orderly, less chaotic lives than the ones they experienced in their homes and on the streets. (Ballot et al 2 002 17).Every child will cope with exposure to domestic violence in their own unique way. Indeed, many children might at first not appear to have been adversely affected. It is only later, or in certain situations that their inner emotional state might be revealed. Indeed, although there is a varying number of possible negative health and social outcomes for children who have lived in an abusive home, not all children manifest these characteristics in their later life. The young mind can be resilient and adaptableIt is important to remember that some children remain perfectly well-adjusted despite living with abuse and that a majority survive within on clinical or normal levels of functioning. (Millender and Morley19944)Results from Primary ResearchOf the 20 questionnaires handed out to a random sample of respondents, who were asked only to fill out and return the form if they had children. 8 were returned. The results are set out below1. Have you ever been in a relationship with so meone who has hit you, kicked you, slapped you, punched you, or threatened to hurt you? 2. CURRENTLY? 3. When you were pregnant did anyone ever physically hurt you? 4. Are you in a relationship with someone who yells at you, calls you names, or puts you down?7 out of 8 women said they had been in a relationship where they were threatened or hurt3 out of 8 women said they were currently in a violent relationship6 women who said they had been abused while pregnant, which implies that their children could have been born into a domestically violent household.6 out of 8 women said they were in an emotionally abusive relationshipThese statistics for the Fulham area are quite high. Nearly half of respondents said they had experienced prolonged domestic abuse. It would be useful to conduct a further study on another random sample to see if the two sets of results would correlate. Because under half the sample returned the questionnaires it cannot be said to be representative sample of the F ulham area.Nonetheless the findings do give a surprising insight into the lives of black women in London, showing that abuse, in any form, is a regular occurrence in some peoples lives. Furthermore, because these respondents had children its likely that their children have witnessed domestic violence. Future research might look into establishing a comparison study on 20 women who do not have children in an attempt to see whether more cases of abuse occur within relationships where children are present.Questionnaire on teenagersOf the 20 forms which were filled in 9 respondents said they had been involved in or witnessed cases of domestic violence in their lifetime.1. Have you ever been involved in or witnessed scenes of domestic violence in your family? Was this age 1-5/6-14/15-present? Or all of the above?2. Were these scenes between your parents/partners? Did they ever directly involve you? Yes 4 No 53. Were you ever physically hurt during these episodes? Yes 3 No 64. Were you ve rbally abused during these episodes? Yes 9 No 05. How did your experience affect your daily life 1. Made you shy..2 2. Made you sad.9 3. Made you angry5 4. Made you aggressive towards others36. Do you believe your experience to have been detrimental to your ability to enjoy and participate in school? 1. Yes..3 2. No62 out of 9 respondents said they had witnessed or experienced domestic abuse throughout their lives. Just under half of respondents said that they were directly involved in scenes of domestic violence and all respondents said they were verbally abused. The highest percentage(100%) said they had felt sad, while just under half felt aggressive towards other people.InterviewsThe four cases of domestic violence all revealed the problem of domestic violence to be one associated with isolation and taking place within the privacy of the home. All respondents admitted that they believed domestic violence to have negatively affected their children. Particularly poignant were the accounts of children becoming withdrawn, another aggressive, and another blaming her mother. All these findings are consistent with the secondary research presented in the first section of this dissertation.The interviews provided a surprisingly good response. Some people might be reluctant to admit to the presence of violence in their domestic life, especially if it involves their children, in fear of admitting that they are (directly, or indirectly) causing their child to be unhappy. However, all four respondents answered openly and honestly about their experiences.ConclusionThis dissertation has looked into a cross section of the population in the Hammersmith and Fulham area of London. Teenagers and women who were known to have experienced abuse were asked questions about their experiences and both reported feelings of sadness and aggression. Random sample of women with children also revealed that nearly half of the population had experienced a domestic violence act of some kind in their lives.The findings were consistent with the secondary research, such as the study by Piaget 1972, and Cooper 1999, both of which found that young children had difficulty in play activities and social integration, both at pre-school and primary level. The study by Ballonet al on aggressive teenagers also correlated with the responses from the questionnaires handed out at the youth centre.It is not possible to say that there are more domestic violence cases in black communities or that they are caused by demographic and stress factors. A study by Richardson et al on the prevalence of domestic violence against women looked for a correlation between demographic factors and domestic violence. They concluded that black women were least likely to have ever experienced domestic violence compared to their white female counterparts.(Richardson et al 2002274).The interview with the British mother found that the violence she had experienced was mostly verbal and did not involve physica l force directed at her. Out of the four women she was the only one still tube with her husband with whom she had fought with. This is not consistent with the secondary research presented at the beginning which suggested that more black women stayed with their spouses in fear of what might happen if they left.Future research might explore the marital status of black women in the Hammersmith and Fulham area and the stability of the family unit. Interviews with more than one member of a family might also be useful in order to gain a different perspective on the same incidents.To conclude, domestic violence appears to have a negative impact on children and young people. Initial responses might be guilt, fear, sleeplessness and a desire to protect their mother. In pre-schoolchildren the learning ability and playfulness is often damaged by the experience of domestic violence. In children of all ages research has shown that behaviour is modelled on what they see around them, and this can lead to anti-social behaviour to peers and strangers. Longer-term effects include an inability to trust other people, withdrawing from social situations, depression, and in worse cases aggression on the streets, and drug and alcohol abuse.